RICHARD PRINCE

Unbound by a particular style or medium, the artist challenges and redefines ideas of appropriation, authorship, and originality in art and art itself.

Early life and career

Born in the Panama Canal Zone and raised in Boston, Prince moved to New York in 1973, where he has lived and worked since. One of his first jobs in the city was with Time Life Publications. One day, while tearing sheets from some magazines, he realised that leftover images could be used to make works of art. He began re-photographing advertisements and grouping them, as in Untitled (Cigarettes) (1978–9), which shows colour and black-and-white photographs of a cigarette packet side by side.

Pictures Generation

The artist also became associated with the Pictures Generation, a group of American artists—among them Sherrie Levine, Robert Longo, David Salle, Laurie Simmons, and Cindy Sherman—who came of age in the early 1980s and gained recognition for their use of (often found) photographic images to examine American media culture.

Style and themes

American icons

Symbols of mainstream American culture continued to enter Prince's works over the next decade, often in black-and-white photographs of advertisements or existing artworks to which he added colour and background dotted screens. 'Cowboys'—one of his most well-known appropriation series—consists of Marlboro advertisements from the 1950s, photographed and presented without the logo. Taken out of their original contexts, works such as Untitled (cowboy) (1989)—depicting a figure riding his horse against a blue sky dotted with clouds—reveal the artificiality of the cowboy icon that was then an embodiment of American masculinity.

Appropriation

According to the critic Hal Foster in his 1985 book Recodings, Prince re-photographs advertising material 'not to expose the manipulation therein ... but to catch seduction in the act, to savour his fascination with such images—even as they manipulate him via insinuated desire.' Spiritual America (1983), another of Prince's best-known and most controversial works, is a re-photographed image of commercial photographer Gary Gross' 1976 portrait of a then-10-year-old Brooke Shields, who appears naked.

Joke paintings

Prince's appropriation of pop culture has led him to explore unconventional subject matter and methods, challenging the definition of an art object. In 1985, for example, he started appropriating one-line jokes from magazines. These now-iconic joke paintings include I Changed My Name (1988) ('I never had a penny to my name so I changed my name'), the text silkscreened on canvas against a monochromatic background. He also started replacing captions on cartoon images.

Gang technique

In the early 1980s, Prince developed a process of juxtaposing photographic images in a grid format, a grouping of found images known in photographic labs as the technique of 'ganging'. Like his other works, the artist's gangs reference pop culture magazine motifs, such as women on motorbikes in Live Free or Die (Gang) (1986) or cars and mountains in Creative Evolution 3 (1987)—image types associated with male desire. Prince's works from the 1990s fluidly traverse multiple media while interrogating the different layers of mass media culture. His 'White Paintings' series from the late 1980s and early 1990s combine silkscreens made from publications with his drawings of domestic interiors, merging personal life and the larger culture.

'Girlfriends'

Prince's 'Girlfriends' series, also from the early 1990s, consists of re-photographing images of female models in biker magazines. The 'Nurses' paintings (2002–6), on the other hand, are based on the covers of pulp fiction paperbacks featuring eroticised nurses. The artist scanned and modified the covers with acrylic paint, covering the nurses' faces with surgical masks and transforming the backgrounds into amorphous environments.

In recent artwork, Prince has continued to challenge the definitions of originality and authorship and extend the legacy he inherited from Robert Rauschenberg and Andy Warhol, often incorporating reproductions of other artists he admires, such as Willem de Kooning. For his 2018 solo exhibition, High Times at Gagosian New York, he recycled his drawings, first scanning and enlarging cartoon figures from his sketchbooks, then printing them on canvas and painting portions with oil sticks and acrylic paint. This made it difficult to distinguish between what had been painted and what had been printed. Even the exhibition text contributed to the debate over originality and authenticity—in print, it was attributed to a journalist named Joan Katz. Still, its style closely matched the artists on his website.

Exhibitions

Selected solo exhibitions of work by Richard Prince include:

• Richard Prince, New Portraits, Gagosian, Beverly Hills (2020)
• Richard Prince, Portraits, Museum of Contemporary Art and Design, Detroit (2019)
• Richard Prince, Ripple Paintings, Gladstone Gallery, New York (2017)
• Richard Prince, It's a Free Concert, Kunsthaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria (2014)
• Prince/Picasso, Picasso Museum, Malaga, Spain (2012)

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